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Wireless sensor network
A wireless sensor network (WSN) (sometimes called a wireless sensor and actor network () (WSAN)〔.F. Akyildiz and I.H. Kasimoglu, ("Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks: Research Challenges," ); Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 351-367, Oct. 2004.〕) are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to ''monitor'' physical or environmental conditions,〔("Environmental and Temperature Monitoring", Centrak )〕 such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling ''control'' of sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on.
The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network. The propagation technique between the hops of the network can be routing or flooding.〔Dargie, W. and Poellabauer, C., "Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks: theory and practice", John Wiley and Sons, 2010 ISBN 978-0-470-99765-9, pp. 168–183, 191–192〕〔Sohraby, K., Minoli, D., Znati, T. "Wireless sensor networks: technology, protocols, and applications", John Wiley and Sons, 2007 ISBN 978-0-471-74300-2, pp. 203–209〕
In computer science and telecommunications, wireless sensor networks are an active research area with numerous workshops and conferences arranged each year, for example IPSN, SenSys, and EWSN.
==Application==
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